1039 - Italie
In Milan, San. Simpliciano becomes the first laic foundation of assistance

11th-13th centuries - United Kingdom
Opening 350 leper-houses

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1066-1087 - United Kingdom
Reign of the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror

11th-12th centuries - Europe
Beginning of Roman art.

12th-13th centuries - Italy
Conflicts of competencies between the laic church and authorities for the management of the hospitals.

1201 - Italie
In Parma, Rodolfo Tanzi melts the hospital with mixed function.

1220 - France
Creation of the Montpellier's university

1253 - France
Creation of the Paris's university

1260 - Italy
Raniero Fasiani de' Barcobini di Perugia melts the "Devoti o Flagellanti" religious order, dedicated to assistance.

13th century - France
Creation of the Medical school of Perpignan.

13th-14th centuries - Europe
Beginning of gothic art

1226-1270 - France
Reign Louis IX (Saint-Louis)

1266 - Europe
End of the Germanic domination in Italy.

13th century - Netherlands
The count William II of Holland becomes emperor of the Saint Worsens.

14th century - Europe
Division of Italy; Republics of Genoa, of Venice, of Milan, of Florence, Papal States.

1300 - Netherlands
Dynastic union between the provinces of Holland, Zeeland, West Friesland, and Hainault.

1329 - Belgium
Jehan Yperman, surgeon, leaves a treaty of medicine and another of surgery, while being based on the tradition of the Masters and its own experiment.

1347-1352 - Europe
Propagation of the Black Death.

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1413 - Netherlands
Decree of the Count William VI of Holland ordering that all the patients suspected to have leprosy are examined with the Saint Jacobs of Harlem's chapel.

1426 - Belgium
The Faculty of Medicine opens at the new " University " of Leuwen.

1462 - Europe
Birth of the modern science.

1494 - Italy
First epidemic of syphilis.

15th century - Italy
Beginning of the Rebirth.

1430 - Europe
Philippe le Bon, duke of Burgundy, inherit the Brabant.

1453 - Europe
End of the One hundred Year old War.

1455 - Europe
First printed Bible, by Gutenberg, in Mayence.

1492 -Spain
Falling of Grenade, end of the Arab invasion in Europe.

1494 - Europe
Beginning of the Italy Wars

1498-1515 - France`
Reign of Louis XII.

1510-1590 - France
Pioneer of the modern surgery, Ambroise Paré, surgeon of the King, publishes the Ten books of surgery, in 1564.

1514-1564 - Belgium
Andre Vésale, doctor anatomist, innovate by the practice of systematic and methodical dissections. The publication of De humani corporis fabrica (1543), rigorous description of the human body, renovates medicine.

Beginning of the 16th century - France
Diffusion of the Rebirth Art

1504 - Europe
The Kingdom of Naples passes under Spanish domination.

1515-1547 - France
Reign of François 1st

1516 - Spain
Proclamation of the Kingdom of Spain, joining together the two kingdoms (Charles Quint).

1519 - Europe
Charles Quint elected Germanic emperor. This Saint Empire joins together Spain, Flandres, Austria, Germany.

1526 - Europe
After the defeat of François Premier in Pavie, signature of the treaty of Madrid between France and Spain. François Premier is released from his captivity in Spain.

1527 - Europe
Catch of Rome by the imperial troops.

1556 - Europe
Abdication of Charles Quint.

1556-1598 - Spain
Reign of Philippe II

1559 - Europe
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis; end of the French claims in Italy.

1562 - France
Beginning of the Religious Wars

1566 - Netherlands
Beginning of Beeldenstorm (fury iconoclast) and the 80 days War, release against Spain.

1579 - Netherlands
The north part of Holland proclaims the United-Provinces-of-North, refusing to solidarize itself with the southernmost part which accepted the Spanish domination.

1600's - Netherlands
Invention of the microscope.

1601 - United Kingdom
Poor Law : the landowners have the obligation to provide the needs of the poor of their district. Then are created Work Houses for the poor able to work.

1612 - France
Repression of the begging by Louis XIII.

1620 - Belgium
Official recognition of first " Collegium Medicum " in Antwerp; second is installed in Brussels into 1644; Liege follows into 1691.

1621 - United Kingdom
Robert Burton publishes The Anatomy of Melancholy.

1630 - Italy
Epidemic of plague. In Bologna, installation of a hospital of contagion in the convent of the Annunciation.

1636 - Netherlands
Creation of an hospital for plague in Haarlem.

1648 - Netherlands
Posthumous edition of Ortus Medicinae by Jean-Baptiste Van Helmont, inventing the word "gas " to indicate emanations.

1663 - Finland
Foundation of the Collegium Medicum, Stockholm.

1665 - United Kingdom
Great plague of London.

1677 - Netherlands
Spinoza publishes "Ethic".

1677 - Netherlands
Discovery of bacteria (Van Leeuwenhoek).

1589-1610 - France
Reign of Henri IV.

17th century - Europe
Development of Baroque Art

1700-1724 - Spain
Reign of Philippe V.

1702 - Spain
Beginning of the War of succession.

1713-1714 - Europe
Treaties of Utrecht; peace between France and the United Provinces of North

1715 - France
Death of Louis XIV.

1715-1774 - France
Reign of Louis XV.

1743-1794 - France
Discovery of the respiratory system (A.L. Lavoisier).

1745 - United kingdom
The corporation of the surgeons separates from that of the barbers.

1745 - Finland
First vaccine against variola, Turku.

1750's - United Kingdom
The physicist John Aitken thinks that the diseases of the hospitals are due to the stagnating air.

1752 - United Kingdom
John Pringle publishes Observations on the Diseases of the Army.

Second half of 18th century - Europe
Domination of classicism in art.

1774 - United Kingdom
Discovery of the oxygen (Joseph Priestley).

1776 - France
Creation of the Royal Society of Medicine.

1789 - United Kingdom
John Howard publishes Account of the principle Lazaretto's in Europe.

1794 - France
Creation of three pulpits of hygiene in Paris, Montpellier and Strasbourg.

1796 - United Kingdom
Discovery of vaccination (E. Jenner).

1774-1792 - France
Reign of Louis XVI.

1795 - Europe
Annexation of Belgium by France.

1797 - Europe
Napoleon's wars in Italy.

1797 - Italy
Removal of the corporations and the religious hospitals.

Beginning oh the 19th century
Development of the concept of planning medical.

1802 - France
Creation of the Council of healthiness of the Town of Paris.

1810 - United Kingdom
Samuel Hahnemann introduces homeopathy.

1811 - United Kingdom
Charles Bell publishes New Anatomy of the Brain

1814 - Finland
First hospital law.

1816 - Belgium
Three Faculties of Medicine are created in the new universities of Ghent, Leuwen, and Liege.

19th century - Europe
Development of the historicism; neogothic, neo-classicism.

1800-1814 - Europe
Napoleon's conquests

1804 - Europe
Creation of the Kingdom of Italy Napoleon.

1809 - Finland
Finland passes under the supervision of Russia and becomes the Autonomous Imperial Grand Duchy of Finland.

1815 - Europe
Return of Austrians in Italy.

1819 - France
Laennec invents the stethoscope and the sounding, and publishes "Traité de l'auscultation médiate".

1831-1832 - United Kingdom and Netherlands
Epidemic of cholera.

1838 - France
Law on the protection of the lunatics, envisaging the creation of asylums.

1841 - Belgium
Creation of the Academy of Medicine of Belgium, Brussels.

1842 - United Kingdom
Edwin Chadwick publishes Report on the sanitary conditions of labouring populations of Great Britain.

1846 - United Kingdom
General anaesthesia with ether (Norton).

1847 - United Kingdom
Conolly publishes The Construction and Government of Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane.

1849 - France
Creation of the general Administration of the Public Assistance to Paris.

1849 - Belgium
Only one legal rank cumulates the doctorate in medicine, surgery and childbirth.

1852
International congress of Hygiene in Brussels

1831 - Belgium
Independancy.

1860 - Italy
In Émilia Romagna, governmental decree for the reform of the university studies, instituting a teaching on the venereal diseases and diseases of skin.

1860 - United Kingdom
First school of nurses created by Florence Nightingale.

1863 - United Kingdom
Florence Nightingale publishes Notes on the Hospitals.

1865 - Italy
First law of standardisation of the medical legislation of the old Italian independent states.

1865 - France
Claude Bernard publishes "Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale".

1867 - France
Beginning of sterilisation (acid phenic).

1878 - France
Pasteur publishes "La théorie des germes et ses applications à la médecine et à la chirurgie".

1878 - Finland
Creation of the Health Ministry.

1882 - United Kingdom
Discovery of the bacillus of tuberculosis (Robert Kock).

1885 - France
Vaccine against the rage (Louis Pasteur).

1888 - Italy
First national law on the public health, by Crispi Pagliani. Creation of the Council of Health.

1890 - Italy
Obligation for the hospitals sheltering a Faculty of Medicine to provide a room as well as patients and corpses, for the study (registered in the law on the public Institutions of health and charity, IPAB).

1891-1893 - United kingdom
Burdett publishes Hospitals and Asylum's of the World. Classification of the standard plans of the hospitals.

1894 - France
Discovery of the germ of the plague (A. Yersin).

1895 - Germany
Discovery of the X-Rays (W.C. Röntgen).

1895 - United kingdom
First use of the gauze masks in operating room.

1899 - France
Patent filling of the Aspirin.

1899 - Austria
Sigmund Freud publishes "The interpretation of the dreams".

1831 - Belgium
Independence.

1861- Italy
Unity of Italy.

1890's - Europe
Birth of the Art nouveau.

1900 - United Kingdom
First use of x-rays for the processing of cancer.

1903 - France
First dispensary for tuberculous in France (A. Calmette).

1905 - Germany
Discovery of the germ of the bacterium responsible for syphilis (F. Schaudinn et E. Hoffmann).

1911 - United Kingdom
National Insurance Act ; after Germany (1883), first social insurance system in Europe.

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1914 - Belgium
Albert Hustin develops in Brussels a technique avoiding coagulation and thus allowing the blood transfusion (he will create at the Brugmann hospital a Center of Transfusion in 1934).

1919 - United Kingdom
Creation of the Health Ministry

1922 - Belgium
Opening in Brussels of the first anti-cancer center of Belgium, the Institute of the Radium of the Red Cross, under the direction of Dr. Adrien Bayet.

1928 - United Kingdom
Discovery of the penicillin (A. Fleming).

1938 - France
Recognition of the psychosis like pertaining to medicine. Creation of medical establishments ensuring the greeting of the lunatics.

1914-1918
First World War

1917 - Finland
Independence.

1919 - Italy
Installation of the party of Mussolini to the government.

1939 - France
Use of first antibiotic (Dubos).

1939 - Italy
Law on health buildings.

1944 - United Kingdom
Molecular biology.

1948 - United Kingdom
Creation of the National Health Service (NHS),

1953
Discovery of the ADN structure (Francis Crock, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins).

1958 - France
Circular relating to " the humanisation " of the hospitals.

1958 - France
Creation of the University Hospital Complexes (CHU).

1958 - Italy
Creation of the Health Ministry

1963 - Belgium
Law organising the structure and the geographical distribution of the hospitals.

1963 - Netherlands
Installation of the social security.

1968
The first transplantation of heart

1971 - Netherlands
Creation of the Health Ministry

1972 - United Kingdom
Invention of the Scanner.

1975 - France
Law of separation of medical and social organisations.

1978 - United kingdom
First inception of a baby-test-tube.

1980 - France
Emergence of the ambulatory surgery and the hospital of day.

1991 - France
Abolition of the distinction between general hospitals and psychiatric hospitals

2000 - France
Inauguration of the Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Paris


2001 - Italy
Presentation of a new model under study (Renzo Piano, architect)
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1939-1945
Second World War